Iranian International Journal Of Social Sciences
Volume:11 Issue: 1, Winter 2021

Gender socialization fans the embers of gender inequality by their practice which is a serious obstacle to the achievement of most of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) particularly for the female gender. This paper used the empirical data from Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) over the last fifteen years (2003-2018) to investigate fuel use and water sources among Nigerian households. Findings revealed that about 80% Nigerian households relied on firewood as cooking energy throughout the fifteen years under study. Sources of water for the households were mainly outside household dwelling places. The burden of collecting both fuel and water is placed more on women and girls through gender socialization which makes it natural for women and the girl child to be involved in these duties classified as women unpaid care work. This has implication for her time, energy use, vulnerabilities to unsafe situations and even negative health outcome. Attaining the SDGs is highly impassable except something drastic is done to address issues that bother on such practices especially in the developing nations including Nigeria. The paper recommended that the government should make the provision and accessibility to both potable water and clean energy a priority for all citizens so as to reduce women hazardous work and improve their work standard. Policies that captures domestic and unpaid care work as social works that can be remunerated should be adopted and the girl child should be valued and protected as much as possible.

The article aims to present “quality of life social dimensions” position in different development plans of the country after the Islamic revolution. Main objective of the article is to compare quality of life social aspects in each development plan. Content analysis method is used in the article taking into account the concept or notion analysis unit existing in the text of development plans. Main findings of the research are: In the First Development Plan, social and economic security has enjoyed the most consideration and then social empowerment has been prioritized. Other aspects have enjoyed quantitative measures in the plan. In the second development plan of the country, social and economic security has also been taken seriously into consideration and then social persistence has been prioritized. Social integration dimension has been improved in comparison with the First Development Plan and continued its development trend in subsequent plans. In the Third Development Plan, social and economic security considered as the first priority while the social integration dimension remained at the subsequent rate, however social solidarity enjoys its lower rate in the Third Development Plan. In the Forth Development Plan, social and economic security followed by the social empowerment. Social integration dimension still remains at a considerable position in this plan, while the social solidarity dimension for the first time has been given more importance in the development plans. In the Fifth Development Plan, dimensions of social empowerment, social integration, and social continuity enjoy higher consideration. social and economic security remained at the forth position while social solidarity dimension demonstrates lower rate in comparison with the Forth Plan .In the Sixth Development Plan, once again we witness the social and economic security dimension at the top level and preserve social integration dimension status as the fifth plan. While the social solidarity dimension gets closer to dimensions of social empowerment and social continuity, however it still remains at the lower rate of this category.

Work conscience can be considered as a situation in which people in the society in various jobs, attempt to do their job accurately and completely. Considering the significance of discussing work conscience, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between social health and work conscience of councilors by using field method, survey technique, questionnaire tool and using SPSS and Smart PLS software. The statistical population of the present study included 3500 councilors of neighborhoods in Tehran according to the latest statistics. The results indicated a significant positive and direct relationship between social health (0.34) and its dimensions i.e. social correlation (P = 0.32), social participation (P = 0.40), social cohesion (P = 0.30), social acceptance (p=0.35), social self-actualization (p=0.33) and the work conscience of Tehran councilors. Therefore, all research hypotheses were confirmed. The results of the Smart PLS structural equation model showed that the effect of the independent variable of social health on the work conscience of Tehran councilors was 0.58.

Nowadays, different types of technology production and growth and as a result, increasing changes in various social, economic, cultural and ...have occurred with the intensification of the modernity and postmodernity process. In the meantime, effective reference groups on citizenship ethics have also undergone significant changes, including changes in their patterns, methods and values. This study considered this important issue and was carried out aimed to "sociological explanation of the process of formation of new reference groups and their effect on the formation of citizenship ethics in Iran over the last three decades" in the academic year 2019-2020 and documentary method was used in this study. The theoretical framework of the research was formed by combining the theories of "Durkheim, Parsons, Habermas, Giddens, Wallerstein, Merton and Saifullahi approach". Purposive sampling was used and data were collected by fish taking and content analysis techniques. The results of documentary studies show that, Intra-community factors, Extra-community factors, cyberspace and mass media have a significant effect on the formation of new reference groups over the last three decades in Iran. Also, new reference groups have a significant effect on the formation of citizenship ethics in Iran over the past three decades.

The present article aims to discuss possible impacts of taxes on distribution of income through an examination of dependent variable of "Human Development Index" (HDI) as well as a study of factors affecting or otherwise are unlikely to affect the taxation system (the entity of government) in advancing an optimal distribution of income in Iran in the course of three specific post-revolutionary development plans. First of all, a deductive method was applied to assess the effect of taxation on the behavior of human development index where a statistical analysis was conducted by means of the E-VIEWS program. Then, an in depth, qualitative research method based on interviews with the elite was applied to examine possible qualitative effects of government taxation policy on income distribution policies .Coefficient and value of tax driven revenues in the model indicate that wherever tax driven revenues increases by one percent, the human development index will decrease by 0.07 percent and vice versa. It also shows that whenever the coefficient and value of the share of direct tax revenues from the GDP except for oil revenues increases by one percent, the human development index will increase by 0.14 percent and vice versa. Statistically speaking there is no meaningful relationship between taxation driven revenues and human development index. Given to the fact that the Human Development Index (HDI) stood as a dependent variable indicative of distribution of income in the present article, the paper concludes that taxes show no distributive efficiency in the course of the development plans. As for the role of the entity of government in the distribution of income, rentier government indexes were confirmed which points to clientelism in economy as well as no dependence on the part of the establishment to tax revenues. Put it another way, with a rentier government in place in the Iranian economy, the taxation system has failed to pick a distributive efficiency.

According to Rawls, the Covenant or Social Contract, consisting of the Comprehensive Joint Action Plan (CJAP), is the main component of establishing social justice, which is the most fundamental goal and Schalke of all existing systems. In this study, with the aim of determining the manifestations and aspects of social justice in labor contracts between employers and workers, we pointed to the sociological analysis of social justice in labor contracts and its characteristics. Finally, we achieved a data model of workplace alienation foundation using grounded theory method. Focus group method to confirm the theorems in this field. Using data-based method and conducting 30 interviews with government, labor and employer participants, which with about 2000 raw data to open coding to 416 concepts, in axial coding to first 190 subcategories and finally to 95 categories and five phenomena Axis of weak purchasing power, lack of job security, ambiguity in laws and regulations, inefficiency of organizations and concern for the future, and in the selective coding stage, we reached the selective phenomenon of alienation from work. Then, using the focus group method, we achieved the approval of the elements of the paradigm model with a tripartite combination of employers, workers and government representatives.

The present study was conducted to investigate the sociological explanation of the effect of cyber social networks on lifestyle change (case study: Instagram network). The population of the study were the residents of district 5 of Tehran in the academic year 2019, which was done based on the survey method. The research sample consisted of 385 people who were selected using simple random sampling method. The instrument used in this research was a researcher-made questionnaire. This research has been compiled using the theories of Giddens, Bourdieu, Veblen and Simmel. The results showed that there was a significant difference between men and women at using Instagram social network. There was also a significant difference between men and women at using Instagram social networks. There was a significant difference among the educational classes at using Instagram. There was also a significant difference between Instagram usage and marital status. There was a significant relationship between the use of Instagram social network and people's age, leisure time style, fashionism and change in attitude towards marriage.

The purpose of this study is to identify and rank the factors affecting the promotion of children's cultural rights. The present research is qualitative and the data have been collected using expert techniques and documentary methods. The statistical population of the study is 30 cultural experts that we interviewed by non-random accessible method. The results of this study showed that the legal factors include (compliance with the country's cultural rights system of international legal conventions, recognition of international cultural rights of children and the attention of the civil and criminal legal system to all cultural rights of children) are known as the first priority and are more important among the factors affecting the promotion of children's cultural rights. Cultural factors are the second priority, the most important of which are (institutionalization of child support culture in the country's cultural system, high level of cultural intelligence in society and easy access of children to cultural goods in the country such as books and media) and social factors. In the third priority, which are (the existence of social protection laws for children, the absence of social discrimination between children in society and the existence of social protection for homeless and poorly cared for children in society).

Citizenship has dimensions and rights that if we can investigate its cultural dimension and rights, we will face a new approach called cultural citizenship, and for its definition should be said that cultural citizenship as the acceptance of the presence of all citizens with any cultural differences in an urban geography. Since Tehran urban management has made the slogan "Tehran as a City for All" as its emulation (model), so, the study of the phenomenon of cultural citizenship in a city like Tehran, which has consisted of ethnicities with different cultures, and providing a model, is a great necessity to investigate cultural citizenship status. The study by purpose of investigating the relationship between cultural citizenship and Tehran Municipality approach (Tehran as a City for All), using theoretical foundations and meta- synthesizing or qualitative content analysis methods, has tried to present a relatively "comprehensive" model with data analysis in four dimensions of " Theoretical foundations - principles and values - the institutional dimension and  relationship between them - and the  spatial reflection that is the result of pre-defined codes in research. Library and documentary research methods (combining the results of previous researches) have been used to collect data. The results of the research have considered the two components of cultural tendencies and the acceptance degree of these tendencies with the principles and values govern them, and in the institutional dimension: network structures, and in the spatial reflection dimension: urban management levels, and urban governance model is the basis of its model.

In this article, we dealt with wise and comprehensive criticizing the theory of social exchange that developed by Homans, while raising and extending the mentioned theory. In this respect, it could be noted to a significant theoretical evolution in 1950s of 20th century that is emerging of exchange theory, in which George Homans plays role as main character. Behavioral of Skinner accounts as main source of Homan’s exchange theory in sociology. In present article, at first after expression and describing exchange theory, we dealt with fundamental subject of Homans through descriptive method. Then, we pointed out to critiques raised by Parsons, Mulem, and Abrahamson and Ake suggesting presences of some defects in exchange theory in view of extreme reduction proposed by Homans, and established methodology of this paper on qualitative, analytical and expressive method. Foundations of critique rose against exchange theory of Homans established on triple criteria for criticizing (Ontology, Epistemology in addition, methodology). The exchange theory could be regarded as a behaviorism theory and models of behaviorism to analyze of behavior of actors is merely based on experiences, that is the point, in which scholars in transcendental traditions criticizing, therefore, relevant hypothesis in this paper is based on the question that: whether exchange theory suggests constant and persistent criteria for scientific recognition of behavior, its emersion and prediction? In addition, concluded by authors. Present article, considering the history of raised reasons through criticizing of Homan’s theory, make distinction between current paper and other criticizing studies.